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第九章: English Idioms
这一章关键是要记习语，这些习语都要记。
名词解释: Idioms (重点)
(1)Idioms consist of set phrases and short
sentences which are peculiar to the language in question and loaded with the native cultures and ideas.
(2)Strickly speaking, idioms are expressions that are not readily understandable from their literal meaning of indiviudal elements.
(3)In forms idioms may include colloquialisms, catchphrases, slang expressions.
9.1 Character5istics of Idioms
9.1.1 semantic unity (重点)
1) idioms each consist of more than one word.
2) in the idiom words have lost their individual identity.
3) quite often the idiom functions as one word.
e.g. " till the cows come home" , means ’ forever as an adverb.
9.1.2 Structural stability ( 重点)
1) the structure of an idiom is to a large exten unchangeable. first , the constituents of idioms cannot be replaced.
e.g. " in a brown study" ( deep in thought )
" lip service" ( support only in words, not in fact )
" kick the bucket " ( die)
" bury the hatcher" ( come to friendly or peaceful terms)
2) Secondly, the word order cannot be inverted or changed.
e.g. twos and threes; tit for tat; the lion’s share
3) Thirdly, the constituents of an idioms cannot be deleted or added to , not even an article.
e.g. out of the question means ’ impossible’
in question ( being considered)
4) Finally , many idioms are grammatical unanalysable,
e.g. diamond cut diamond ( two parties are equally matched )
like cures like
(as) sure as eggs ( quite certainly )
stepped up ( improve or enhance)
in the raw ( naked )
turnn over a new leaf ( begin a new life )
draw the curtain ( end or concel )
9.2 Classification of Idioms
The difficulty in using idioms lies first in the difficulty of grasping the elusive and figurative meaning, of determining the syntactic functions of idioms
e.g. heart and soul ( adverbial )
Idioms may be classified into five groups:
1) Idioms Nominal in Nature
2) Idioms Adjectival in Nature
3) Idioms Verbal in Nature（五类中最重要的）
注意：考试的一个要点在这， 动词性习语有哪两类划分？
(1) phrasal verbs : 短语动词
(2) verbal phrases : 动词短语
4) Idioms Adverbial in Nature
e.g. "in clover ’ or " in the clover " ( in rich comfort or having a pleasant or easy life 0
5) Sentence Idioms
9.3 Use of Idioms
The rhetoric characteristics of idioms such as : stylistic features, rhetoric features and their occasional variations.
9.3.1 Stylistic Feature;
Such expressions were all colloquial and informal and once confined to a limited group
of people engaged in the same trade or activity. But they proved terse, vivid, forcible and stimulating so that later they broke out of their bounds and gradualy gained wide acceptance.As a result, their early stylistic features faded in part and many became part of the common core of the language and are now used in different situations.
9.3.2 Rhetorical Features ( examples are very important )
1) phonetic manipulation
(1) Alliteration
(2) Rhyme
2) Lexical manipuation
(1) Reiteration ( duplication of synonyms )
e.g. hustle and bustle
cut and carve
odds and ends
(2) Repetition
e.g. word for word
year in year out
(3) Juxtaposition ( of antonyms )
e.g. up and down
hit or miss
rain and shine
3. Figures of speech
(1) Simile
e.g. as dead as a doornail
sleep like a log
(2) Metaphor
Animals are used to refer to people,
e.g. grey mare
snake in the grass
Inanimate things to refer to people
e.g. a new broom
flat tire
the salt of the earth
Things to refer to something else,
e.g. bed of dust
a wet blanket
black bottle
Actions, state to refer to abstract ideas or other actions, state, etc.
e.g. sit on the fence
cut the ground from under sb.
fall from grace
(3) Metonymy : idioms in which the name of one thing is used for that of another associated with it.
(4) Synecdoche: substituting part for the whole
e.g. fall into good hands
earn one’s bread
(5) Personification
e.g. The pot calls the cattle back
(6) Euphemism
9.3.3 Variations of Idioms
1) Replacement
2) Addition or deletion
3) Position-shifting
4) Shortening
5) Dismembering
问题：classification of idioms可分为哪几类？
答案：Idioms may be classified into five groups :
1) Idioms Nominal in Natural
2) Idioms Adjectival in Nature
3) Idioms Verbal in Nature
4) Idioms Adverbial in Nature
5) Sentence Idioms
问题：Sentence idioms 如何分类: ( 选择或填空还未考过)
答案： They embrace declarative, interrogative, imperative and exclamative sentences.
In terms of complexity Sentence Idioms can be further divided into simple, compound and complex sentences.
注意：习语中的特例有可能是填空内容:
(Exception1) This class contains numerous prepositional phrases, which in nature are either adjectival or adverbial and in many cases have both functions at the same time.
(Exception2 )Sentence Idioms are mainly proverbs and sayings, including colloquialisms and catchphrases, including colloquialisms and catchphrases.
(Exception3)In terms of complexity Sentence Idioms can be further divided into simple, compound and complex sentences.
(Exception4） forms and functions of idioms are not necessarily identical.
问题：What are the rhetorical features of idioms?
答案：1)Phonetic manipulation
(1) Alliteration
(2) Rhyme
2) Lexical manipulation
(1) Reiteration
(2) Repetition
(3) Juxtaposition
问题：Figures of speech ( 大的修饰格6个, 小的修饰格4个)
答案： 1) Simile
2) Metaphor
3) Metonymy
4) Synecdoche
5) Personification
6) Euphemism
(1) humourous
(2) ironic and sardonic in tones
(3) derogatory
(4) hyperbole
重点简答题: Metonymy 和Synecdoche , 这两种修饰有何区别? ( 未考过)
答案：Both metonymy and synecdoche involve substitution of names, yet they differ in that the former is a case of using the name of one thing for another closely associated with it and the latter is that of substituting part for the whole and vice versa.
习语的分析：(挑出习语加以分析，它是哪一个类型, 然后加以解释)
e.g. He goes to the service , rain or shine.
答：In this sentence, rain or shine, is an idiom.
rain or shine is composed in Juxtaposition.
It is Idiom adverbial in nature
改写后：He goes to the service, no matter what the weather looks like , no matter what and no matter what kind of difficulties.
第十章 English Dictionaries
词典这一部分在填空或选择时出现的可能是最大的
1) 词典的种类
2)每一种词典的特殊性也是考试的要点：
比如：CCELD它的最大特殊性是它的extra column
3) 每一种词典的vocabulary stock 也是考试的要点：
英语词汇学模拟测试：
一. Multiple choice (30%)
1. From the 1500’s through the 1700’s, over___ new words entered the English language.
A. 6000 B. 7000 C. 9000 D. 10.000
2. " Nature" in the word " denaturalization " is not ___ .
A. free root B. stems C. affixes D. compounds
3. A concept is universal to all men regardless of____
A) culture B) race C) language D) all of the above
4. A word is a symbol that _____.
A) is used by same community
B) represents something else in the world
C) is both simple and complex in nature
D) Shows different ideas in different sounds
5. In the idiom, " fall from grace" , ____ is used.
A. Metaphor B. Metonymy C. Synecdoche D. Euphemism
6. Every word that has meaning has ___, but not every word has ____ .
A. reference, sense B. sense, reference C. both of them D neither of them
7. The word "greenhorn" is ___.
A. onomatopoeically motivated
B. morphologically motivated
C. semantically motivated
D. etymologically motivated
8. The reader cann’t find ___, ___, ____in an encyclopedia.
A. pronunciation, meaning, usage
B. pronunciation, meaning, information
C. pronunciation, usage, information
D. meaning, usage, information
10. Breaking up the idioms into pieces can be called ___.
A. shortening B. deletion C. dismembering D. position-shifting
11. Homophones are often employed to create puns for desired effects
A. humor B. sarcasm C. ridicule D. all the above
12. Linguistic factors of word meaning change exclude____.
A. internal facotors within the language system
B. the influx of borrowing
C. analogy
D. grammar
13. The meaning of many words often relate directly to their ___ , which is known as eymological motivation .
A. structures B. sounds C. origins D features
14. ___ often lead to ambiguity.
A. Polysemy B. homonymy C. Grammatical structure D. all the above
15. ___ are bound morphemes because they cannot be used as separate words.
A. roots B. stems C. affixes D. compounds
二. Complete the following statements with proper words according to the course book (10%)
16. With ____ , many Scandinavian words came into the English language.
17.It can be concluded that English has evolved from ___ to the present analytic language.
18. Idioms may be classified into five groups by the criterion of ____ .
19. When proper nouns are commonized, many of them have lost their ____.
20. Concatenation describes a process where each of the later meaning is related only to ___ like chains.
三. Match the words or expressions in column A with those in column B ( 10% )
21. sunbathe ( ) A. word form proper noun
22. changeable ( ) B. prefixation
23. donate ( ) C. back-formation
24. pocket ( ) D. conversion
25. postwar ( ) E. clipping
26. perm ( ) F. blending
27. treated ( ) G. compounding
28. telequiz ( ) H. inflection
29. V-Day ( ) I. acronymy
30. Watergate ( ) J. suffixation
四. study the following words and expressions and identify ( 10%)
1) types of context clues ; 2) types of word formation
3) types of word-meaning changes 4) rhetorical features of idioms.
31. slurb ( )
32. the usual amenities such as a pub, a post office and a school ( )
33. making a restatement of a new word or concept in familiar words ( )
34. live by one’s pen ( )
35. kith and kin ( )
36. fax ( )
37. disobey, impolite ( )
38. hussy: " person who worked in a villa " --- " evil or wicked person or scoundrel "
39. accident : " event" --- " unfortunate event "
40. nice : " ignorant " --- " foolish "
五. define the following terms ( 10% )
41. conversion
42. sense
43. motivation
44. hyponymy
45. English idioms
六. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in
the space given below. (12%)
46. What is the difference between root and stem?
47. What is the difference between content words and functional words,
illustrate your point with examples ?
48. Why do we say context take an important position in understanding?
七. Analyze the following. Write your answers in the space given below. (18%)
49. a. It is said that a magnificent building was destroyed yesterday.
b. The news says that the Royal Hotel was burnt down last night.
coment on the above sentences in terms of superordinates and subordinates.
50. (1) Women are flowers. (2) Women are tigers.
Study the above sentences. Analyze " women’s " grammatical meaning, conceptual meaning
and connotative meaning in each sentence.
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